![]() It explains why we remember some things much better and for much longer than others. ![]() This widened the focus from seeing long-term memory as a simple storage unit to seeing it as a complex processing system.Ĭraik and Lockhart's ideas led to hundreds of experiments, most of which confirmed the superiourity of 'deep' semantic processing for remembering information. It showed that encoding was not a simple, straightforward process. The levels of processing model changed the direction of memory research. For example, elaboration rehearsal leads to recall of information than just maintenance rehearsal. The theory is an improvement on Atkinson & Shiffrin’s account of transfer from STM to LTM. explaining memory models to your mum, using mind maps etc.) and should result in deeper processing through using elaboration rehearsal.Ĭonsequently more information will be remembered (and recalled) and better exam results should be achieved. ![]() The above examples could all be used to revise psychology using semantic processing (e.g. Imagery – by creating an image of something you want to remember, you elaborate on it and encode it visually (i.e.Method of loci – when trying to remember a list of items, linking each with a familiar place or route.Reworking – putting information in your own words or talking about it with someone else.This explanation of memory is useful in everyday life because it highlights the way in which elaboration, which requires deeper processing of information, can aid memory. Phonemic and visually processed words involve shallow processing and less accurate recall. ResultsParticipants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to phonemically and visually processed words.ĬonclusionSemantically processed words involve elaboration rehearsal and deep processing which results in more accurate recall. They were asked to pick out the original words. Participants were then given a long list of 180 words into which the original words had been mixed. Semantic processing: ‘Does the word go in this sentence.Phonemic / auditory processing: ‘Does the word rhyme with. ![]() Structural / visual processing: ‘Is the word in capital letters or small letters? semantic) and others in a shallow way (e.g. Some questions required the participants to process the word in a deep way (e.g. MethodParticipants were presented with a series of 60 words about which they had to answer one of three questions. The deeper the level of processing, the easier the information is to recall.ĪimTo investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall. Levels of processing: The idea that the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered. images, thinking, associations etc.) of information and leads to better recall.įor example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge. Semantic processing, which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning.ĭeep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. This is the only type of rehearsal to take place within the multi-store model.ģ. Shallow processing only involves maintenance rehearsal (repetition to help us hold something in the STM) and leads to fairly short-term retention of information. Phonemic processing – which is when we encode its sound. the typeface of a word or how the letters look.Ģ. Structural processing (appearance) which is when we encode only the physical qualities of something.
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